Personal Development Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal Development Plan - Assignment Example For that reason, I intend to work as a supervisor in PC World. PC world is UK based franchise that mainly deals with electronic and technological devices like laptops, mobile phones, home appliances among others. The business has its operations based in UK and Ireland and with over 53 stores; the business has been a key market share in its industry. The company has a reputation of employing young people with the necessary skills and this gives me an opportunity to work with them. In reality, supervisors in this position are appointed based on leadership skills and basic managerial knowledge. My family legacy is based on business. The family business has been in operation for over 30 years and as I grew up, I had a unique opportunity to observe as well as learn some skills based on business operations and basic business principles. These skills may not be necessarily what students are taught in class but it is unique in that it gives the practical skills acquired by observing and listening. Skills such as negotiations, customer relations and customer care, employee relations and how to deal with suppliers are skills that make more sense when observed and leant practically. I possess this crucial skills and I believe will be very crucial in the job as a supervisor. According to Halvey and Melby (2007) business skills and knowledge go beyond theory in class. Students need practice related skills to make them more proficient. All my life has been associated with leadership experiences. Since my first year in school, I have been working hand in hand with teachers and tutors as student leader or class monitor. These experiences, over time have informed me on how to work best with other people. Working as a supervisor will call for me to deploy different leadership skills and my past experience will come in handy. According to Huber (2011), leadership can be a hard thing to define. This is because leadership is vast and

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay According to an economist the idea of development is a situation whereby there is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, leading to an increase in growth .but to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a country is regarded as developed when such increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the smallest group in the society. Where we don’t only calculate numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, both the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA. Nigeria the most populated country in Africa filled with its endowed natural resources, and according to the â€Å"united nations statistics Nigeria is the 8th most populous county in the world with a population of 2.3%† (UN 2011).but the country still suffers the decay of underdevelopment due to certain avoidable factors that stand as unavoidable. What actually is underdevelopment? W.A Lewis 1963 says that a country may be â€Å"underdeveloped in the sense that its technology is backward when compared with that of other countries or in the sense that its institutions are relatively unfavorable to investment, or in the sense that capital resources per head are low when compared with western Europe or in the sense that output per head is low or in the sense that it has valuable natural resources that has not yet begun use† (extracted by opafola 1996). Agreeing to what Lewis has said so well underdevelopment can be explored from another dimension which in a way he seemed to have ignored, it is a situation whereby the quality of life of the majority of its people is low. The causes or factors of Nigeria’s underdevelopment can be divided into 2 which are both external and internal. â€Å"External includes slavery, colonialism, neo- colonialism and the worldwide recession† (Rodney 1972), with which in my opinion is a fact for our underdevelopment the foundation. Also the internal factors include bribery and corruption, poor leadership, bad patriotism from citizens etc. which actually is avoidable. FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIA’S UNDERDEVELOPMENT 1. Bribery and Corruption This is the greatest factor that has put Nigeria where it is today, the issue of â€Å"corruption† this is an internal factor. According to the Longman dictionary of contemporary English new edition â€Å"corruption is define as dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power†. In Africa as a whole research has seen it that most African leaders are corrupt in nature, leading to their backwardness in development of their economy. Taking a cue from the late Attah Williams of Ghana, he executed all the corrupt leaders in Ghana for the stability of the country, and from recent news Ghana has taking a new turn in its development process (silver bird news 23rd august 2012). The issue of corruption is Nigeria’s biggest challenge that is eating into our economic growth leading to money laundering and looting of public funds meant for the improving living condition of citizens. Corruption now is found in every facets of the Nigerian system especially the political aspect has leaders steal for selfish gain. The transparency international corruption index 2011 ranked Nigeria 143th of 183 counties in the world that is developed, also on the scale of 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) Nigeria scored 2.4%, between 2010 and 2011 Nigeria’s position declined from 9 places scoring 2.4% from a possible 10 showing the greatest sign that efforts at correcting corruption had been very inadequate in the last year† (business day, Wednesday September 6 2011). This shows the height of corruption in our country, taking the story of the former governor James ibori of delta state who was jailed for 16 years for money laundering in April 2012 by the American judiciary after being discharged by a Nigerian court due to bribe for a case he was still found guilty. Nigeria’s problem is this menace and until there is a stop to it I wonder where we are heading to. 2.Neo-colonialism or imperialism This is an external factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment; it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it â€Å"promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism† (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has always been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping ground for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our own goods. Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our raw materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialism as we export our goods at the rate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude oil, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of technicality in transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy removal in January 1st 2012, even after which things haven’t changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012. 3.Poor leadership According to john c. Maxwell â€Å"leadership is about influence† and niyi adesonya sees it â€Å"as not just influence but also inspiration†. The idea of Nigeria’s leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the â€Å"national cake† and leaving the main aim of governance. Research has seen it that Africa is one continent whereby its leaders are older than the country itself and Nigeria is not left out, as most of our past leaders are much older than the country itself. The issue of poor leadership is also a contributing factor whereby due to corruption leaders make laws to favour their actions, as each time a ruler comes in seat we keep on amending the constitution to suite political parties, politicians make empty promise during election campaigns when put office little or nothing is done in such community and citizens keep suffering in squalor and begin to govern themselves providing the necessities for their comfort. Due to poor leadership the recent issue of flood all over most riverine area would have occurred, this is because a developed country would have been prepared to channel the water released from the Cameroonian dam into another dam. But since Nigerian political elites spend time on unnecessary things like the introduction of the 5000 naira note, citizens are homeless. Poor leadership is a contributing factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment, as the main issues are not critically tacked to solve other things. It has led to flamboyant spending of public funds whereby an average senator in the house of representative is paid unnecessary bills like the seating allowance, wardrobe allowance etc. aside the salary they earn, why won’t people kill to seat on political power? Nigeria is one country whereby the president earns more than the president of United States. As they continue to buy properties that they don’t need instead of investing in profitable business. 4.Bad patriotism This is also a causing factor for our underdevelopment from in my opinion, it is obvious that most Nigerians are aware of our backwardness and they don’t try to help matters instead they add to the problem itself. By disobeying or making difficult certain rules meant to help the country, this is because they believe it is another lie to eat from us. From the AIT news in August Hilary Clinton’s last visit to Nigeria in 2012, she told the president to have the will power of taking certain stringent rules and standing firm for example the handiwork of governor Fashola of Lagos state is termed credible as Lagos with its massive population is actually adjusting to change. This is because even as unpatriotic most Lagosians are governor Fashola still took a stand, Nigeria’s problem is also citizen built as persons no what is right and refuse doing it for no reason. REFERENCES Walter Rodney (1972) â€Å"How Europe Underdeveloped Africa† Dar-Es Salaam. Tanzania Publishing House. Lewis W.A (1963) â€Å"The Theory of Economic Growth† London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. S.O. Opafola (1996) â€Å"The Journal of Philosophy and Development† Vol.2, Ogun State University: Hope Publications. Onimode, B (1981) â€Å"Imperialism and Nigerian Development† In O. Nnoli Edition. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. Business Day Newspaper Wednesday September 6 (2011), Nigeria and Corruption Index United Nation Statistics 2011. AIT News august 2012.

Baku In Azerbaijan: Pollution Levels

Baku In Azerbaijan: Pollution Levels Imagine that you are walking down the street and see nothing but stones, ruins, fissures on the land; its dark and you even do not see what is happening near you because of fog and soot, you try to get something attractive, you want to see blue sea and white seagulls over it, but again, you see nothing but the cruel reality and the saddest thing is that you realize there is nowhere to run to escape this.. It is our world; this is what happened with the planet as a result of human activity. You wish you could leave not because of yourself, but because of your children, you do not want them to grow up in such environment, you realize that theyll never see the things you saw: green trees, blue skies, pure water. They will not understand what the fresh air means, they will hardly believe in story about fish in the sea, birds in the sky. But, maybe you will not even wish to tell them what you saw, because you are sure they will probably ask: So what happened, why everything turned to be so bad, who is guilty? And it will be difficult to explain them that these are people have destroyed their own lives.We all are living on one planet, Who will save it for our children, for new generation if we dont? Azerbaijan has the reputation of being an environmental disaster zone. Many scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, where 50% of Azerbaijanis live, to be the most ecologically devastated area in the world because of severe air, water and soil pollution. The objective of this paper is to present a brief review related to the pollution in Azerbaijan, in particular in Baku and Sumgait cities, historical development of oil sector and exploration of oil and gas deposits in the country and its influence on environmental situation, history of water, air and ground pollution in Azerbaijan. To achieve the proposed objective, the first chapter of the paper presents the country profile and oil sector development history as well as present production situation. The second chapter covers issues of history of pollution in Baku and the related factors contributed to that as industrial development, decades of lack of sustainable environmental policy. Divided into subchapters it gives more comprehensive detailed analysis of environmental concerns in Azerbaijan. At the end of this document, a brief conclusion about this topic is presented as well as the bibliographical sources used to prepare the respective presentation and paper on the subject of history of environment. CHAPTER 1. COUNTRY PROFILE AND OIL HISTORY Geographical location of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a lower middle-income country with a gross national income per capita of $1,240 in 2005. Territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan is 86,6 thousand square kilometres. Azerbaijan has common boundaries with: Iran in the south along the perimeter 765 km, with Turkey 15 km, with Russia in the north 390 km, with Armenia in the west 1007 km. The length of the coastal line is 713 km. Azerbaijanis situated in the eastern part of the South Caucasus on the Caspian Sea shore and covers an area of 86.6 thousand km2. Capital of Azerbaijan is Baku city. General facts on the country. Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan 8 million and 593 thousand people (for 01.01.2007). The age-composition of the population comprises the following age-classes: people of 0-14 years of age make up 26% of the population, 15-64 years-67%, 65 and above-for 7%. Young people of 18-34 years of age make up 29% of the population with the half of them living in big cities. Country Statistical Profile 2006* Population, total (millions) 8.48 Population growth (annual %) 1.10 Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 75.20 Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 69.60 GDP (current US$) (billions) 19.85 GDP growth (annual %) 34.50 GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions) 15.64 Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) 8.30 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -2.94 Time required to start a business (days) 52.00 Internet users (per 100 people) 9.77 Source: www.world.bank.org Azerbaijan is rich in mineral resources, mainly oil and natural gas but also in iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite. The country also has agricultural land and a well-educated labour force with a strong entrepreneurial tradition. Despite the countrys natural resources, poverty continues to pose a major challenge for Azerbaijan. In 2005 29% of the population lived in poverty and 8% in extreme poverty. Azerbaijan has had high economic growth in 2006 and 2007 that was due to large and growing oil exports. The oil and gas sector contributes approximately 1/3 of GDP, while agriculture contributes about 9%. The impressive GDP growth of the past five years with an average annual growth rate of 12% was led mainly by oil and gas production. Oil production is expected to peak in 2011 and decline thereafter in the absence of major new discoveries. Azerbaijan shares all the problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy resources brighten its long-term prospects. Several other obstacles slow down Azerbaijans economic progress: the need for stepped up foreign investment in the non-energy sector, the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, pervasive corruption, and elevated inflation. Trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics is declining, while trade is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new oil and gas pipelines in the region, and Azerbaijans ability to manage its energy wealth. 1.3. History of Oil boom in Azerbaijan Information on oil production in Azerbaijan was repeatedly mentioned in the manuscripts of scientists and travelers in the Middle Ages and it was noted that such an uncommon product would generate a significant income. Arabian historian Masudi Abdul Huseyn (9th century) mentioned in his manuscripts that there were two main sources of Black oil and white oil (kerosene) on Apsheron Marco Polo (13-14th century) wrote in his travel notes that Apsheron peninsula was dotted with oil wells and the oil extracted used for lighting and for heating purposes. Engelbert Kaempfer (15th century) oil was transported via wineskins on four-wheeled carts to Shamakhi and Baku. From Shamakhi it is taken across country on camels. From Baku it is taken by sea to other regions Turkish traveler Ortakoy (17th century) The area around Baku has a burning ground. The ground is hot from the burning fuel beneath it. Early views of Baku and first drilling methods Early oil extraction methods were very primitive mainly hand dug wells drilled to very shallow depths (2-3 meters). Overall In 1813, 136 wells were drilled in Absheron which produced total volume of only 64 barrels of oil per day. In 1825, oil was produced on the Absheron peninsular in all suborns of Baku. But it should be stressed out that much of early oil production was wasted in blowout gushers and this was a very uneconomical and environmentally harmful process. Workers were dying because of the gushers. The strong gushers were flooding the houses in the nearest villages. Oil from wells was lost for nothing because of oil gushers. In 1844 in Baku, more than a decade earlier than the oil well in Pennsylvania (USA, 1859), V. Semyonov, the Baku mining engineer, drilled a well 21 m deep using primitive percussion method in the settlement of Bibi-Heybat near Baku. This is considered the starting point of industrial oil extraction in Azerbaijan and in the whole world. The first oil refinery was built in 1859 in Baku. In 1878 the first oil pipeline in the world was constructed between oil fields in Balakhany and the oil refinery in Baku. The length of pipeline was 12 km. 1896-1906 the construction of Baku-Batumi (Georgia) pipeline carrying 900 thousand tons of oil per year. The Nobel Brothers were major contributors to oil transport, who built the worlds first oil carrying steamship, named Zoroaster in 1878 and constructed the first rail tanks for transporting oil in 1883 from Baku to Astrakhan (Russia). By 1900, Azerbaijan was producing more than ten million tons of oil each year which was more than half of the worlds oil supply. Oil boom also influenced on the other sectors and Azerbaijan benefited from the expertise of well known chemists and geologists from the whole world such as the Russian chemist D. Mendeleyev, creator of the periodic table of chemical elements. As a result, innovative new techniques such as rotary drilling and gas lift were tested for the first time in Azerbaijan. The Nobel Brothers oil wells in Bakus suburb Oil boom have had very negative affect as well, particularly on ecological situation in Azerbaijan: oil wells in the vicinity of Baku were pumping oil into reservoir lakes. The ecological disaster started 100 years ago still plagues the region. 1.4. Current oil production in Azerbaijan. The oil and gas industries are the basis of the economy of Azerbaijan. Since World War II, the republic not only fully provided itself with oil and oil products but also supplied the majority of oil and oil products to other republics of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijans sharp economic decline in the first half of the 1990s has reversed and the economy has been growing since 1996. After gaining independence in1992 Azerbaijan started to attract badly needed foreign investment into the country. The implementation of the 20 production-sharing arrangements Contracts (requiring $60 billion investment) that have been concluded so far is an integral part of Azerbaijans oil strategy. Azerbaijans oil production declined through 1997, but has registered an increase every year since. Oil production under the first of the Contracts, with the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, began in November 1997. A consortium of Western oil companies began pumping 1 million barrels a day from a la rge offshore field in early 2006, through a $4 billion pipeline it built from Baku to Turkeys port of Ceyhan. By 2010 revenues from this project will double the countrys current GDP. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline was officially opened in July 13, 2006 and now transports crude oil 1,760 km (1,094 miles) from the Azer-Chiraq-Guneshli oil field (Baku suburb) in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It is the second longest oil pipeline in the world (the longest being the Druzhba from Russia to central Europe). According to State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan Republic, the current oil production is the following: Oil production: 934,700 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil consumption: 160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil exports: 795,600 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil imports: 3,924 bbl/day (2004) Oil proved reserves: 7 billion bbl (17 April 2007 est.) Source: www.azstat.org CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 2.1. History of pollution in Baku and Sumgait In environmental terms, the long history of oil exploration (supplemented during the Soviet days by the petrochemical industry) has left the country with a massive legacy of oil and other chemical pollution, both land-based and offshore. Environmental deterioration is widespread in Azerbaijan. The country faces numerous problems related to air and water quality, land and biodiversity, lowering levels of the Caspian Sea, outdated and polluting industries, and oil field spills. The Government recognizes the need to address environmental problems to sustain economic development and a poverty reduction effort however much remains to be done to improve the countrys environment, particularly in urban areas. ( Baku onshore oil fields. Oil workers work in 24 hour shifts.) Starting from Soviet time economic development of Azerbaijan is concentrated mainly in the coastal areas on the Absheron Peninsula, between the contaminated sections of Bakus districts and the industrial city of Sumgait. These cities were considered the most polluted cities in Soviet Union. Azerbaijan was producing oil not only for itself but also to the all Soviet union Republic and decades of lack of sustainable environmental policy and unsustainable oil production starting from Soviet time till now, left behind huge wastelands with standing oil ponds and severely contaminated soil. Industrial development and mobile sources of fuel combustion have released high concentrations of heavy metals and other toxic and hazardous elements into air, land and water. As a result, urban areas, such as Baku and Sumgait, became classic examples of environmental hot spots. This pool on the edge of town is evidence of the oil pollution in Baku. The transition period (after collapse of Soviet Union) economic output has declined dramatically and industrial and agricultural decline reduced air pollution, industrial water discharges and pollution from agrochemicals. But starting from 1996 the economy began to grow up in a rapid way. In common with other newly independent states, Azerbaijan is an urbanized society (urban population around 55% of the total). The Absheron Peninsula, with Baku and Sumgait, accounts for 50% of the countrys population and is a home to more than 80 big, 370 medium-sized, and 2000 small industrial enterprises. The upsurge of foreign investment in the oil and gas sector since 1996 has further underlined the economic dominance of the coastal area and the Absheron Peninsula in particular. Vehicles emissions significantly increased over the last decade (because of high economic growth) and became a leading source of unchecked air-pollution. Baku-Ceyhan pipeline will also contribute to air pollution because of increased oil production and lack of attention to modernization of oil industry from environmental management perspective. Currently, Azerbaijan achieved Rigs outside the Baku city center, near Ramana significant progress in updating its environmental legislation, build partnership with international agencies and organizations addressing environmental issues, work on capacity development, etc., but the accumulation of toxic industrial waste, waste metals, pesticides residues, and oil pollution represents substantial and unresolved environmental problems. Government of Azerbaijan with the support of international experts developed the National Environment Action Plan identifying four priority categories for Azerbaijan: pollution from industrial production: oil exploration and production; energy; transport; other sources Caspian Sea Forestry, land an biodiversity Institutional development According to Caspian Envoriment Program, the major polluting industrial sectors identified in the Caspian Region are the following: Area/Country Industrial Sectors Sumgait/Azerbaijan Power Plants Petrochemical Industry Inorganic Chemical Industry Organic Chemical Industry Baku/Azerbaijan Power Plants Refineries Oil Gas Exploitation Metal Works Shipyards Harbours Absheron Peninsula/Azerbaijan Breweries Meat Processing Oil Gas Exploitation Northern Azerbaijan Beverages Fruit Vegetable Processing Southern Azerbaijan Fish Processing Fruit Vegetable processing Source: http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/index.htm For more comprehensive understanding of the environmental concerns in Baku, I will proceed with more detailed analysis on water, air and ground pollution in the next sub-chapters. 2.2. Water Pollution. 2.2.1. Availability of water resources. Azerbaijan has limited water resources- only 30% of river flow resources are formed within the country Apsheron Peninsula is one of the least water resources per capita and per unit area. Azerbaijan is almost entirely depends on Kur-Araz river basin originates in north-astern Turkey, passes through Georgia and flows into the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan. The water is used for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes, and for hydropower generation and recreation. The problems in the basin are related to both quantity and quality of water. Water shortage is acute because rainfall declines sharply from west to east across the basin. Drought periods in the basin are very common. Other rivers formed from rain and snow start in mountains very often do not have permanent river beds. Undergrounds water resources make up about 25% of the river flow and have potential for future use, but currently provide only 5% of water abstraction. Piped drinking water reaches 50-95% of the urban population and to some estimates, safe drinking water is available to less tan 50% of urban residents. Baku and Sumgayit, and about 75 other cities receive centralized water supply. Norm of daily water consumption for Baku citizen is about 400-580 litres that is very high in comparison with other countries but the water is undrinkable (recommended to drink only after boiled) and provided in accordance with time schedule. Pollution of water resources Water quality is one of the major environmental concerns. Surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off. Kur-Araz river basin is heavily polluted by neighbouring countries- Georgia and Armenia about 40,000 tons of nutrients released each year before crossing the Azerbaijan border. As an example, on the Azerbaijan side of the border with Georgia in 1992-1994, average annual concentrations of phenols and oil products exceeded existing water quality standards by about 14 and 3 times respectively. Surface water and groundwater are polluted from a) oil spillage, linkage from pipelines, storage tanks, resulting in contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals; b)pesticides from agriculture; c)factory wastes dumped into rivers; salinization of the water due to the Caspian sea water intrusion(raise of level of Caspian sea). Government estimates that 80% of country population uses water from Kur-Araz river basi n for drinking purposes that does not meet Azerbaijanis drinking water standards even after water treatment. Wastewater management and Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities During the Soviet Union period, large volumes of effluents were discharged into receiving water bodies on the territory of Azerbaijan. Both domestic and industrial wastewater has been discharged into nearby reservoirs without proper treatment, if any. Existing Baku wastewater network, in operation for 100 years, does not have the capacity today for adequate and safe operations. Total wastewater collected in Baku is reported to be 1,3 -1,4 million m3/day. 30,000 m3/day of untreated municipal wastewater is discharged into the Caspian Sea. However only 50% of collected wastewater undergoes treatment and more that 40% of the housing districts not connected. Thus, this figure should be 10 times higher. In addition, of more that 40 oil industrial companies operating in Baku and Sumgait, treatment facilities in only 7 are considered to be functioning reasonably well and, as a result, untreated wastewater form oil fields and other polluting industries is mixed with municipal wastewater. The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the water pollution concern: Adoption of Water Code 1998; Law on water supply and waste water 2000; Law on amelioration and irrigation 1996; Law on environmental protection -1999 Gaps to be further addressed: Lack of national water protection strategy; integration of river basin management approach rather that administrative units approach; lack of institutional capacity of Ministry of Ecology and National Resources and other state bodies Air Pollution Industrialization and urbanization over 30 the past 35 years have resulted in significant deterioration of ambient air quality in urban areas. Currently, the major pollution in Baku and Sumgait is from motor vehicles; oil and gas industries; chemical steel; and power plants; and small and medium-size enterprises. According to data, 96% of the atmospheric pollution emissions are concentrated in 5 main cities of Azerbaijan with the most of air emission in Baku. 2.3.1. Sources and trends of air pollution Mobile sources. Currently, transport is considered to be the main source of air pollution, responsible for increase in NOx, organic chemical, and CO emissions. Historically, the proportion of emissions from transport in Azerbaijan was 30-40%. Because of economic raise number of vehicles is steadily increasing, but the problem is increase in numbers of poorly maintained old vehicles using low-quality fuel. More than 90% of all vehicles are more than 5- years old (foreign models, mostly used cars), and the average age of vehicles is around 15 years. In addition, system of vehicles inspection for checking vehicles emissions (qualified staff, technical equipment; lack of finance; law salary of inspectors) is very poor. Heavy traffic; bad road conditions; lack of bypasses in most cities also contribute to increased vehicle emissions. Stationary Sources. Currently the primary source of atmospheric pollution from Stationary sources are the release of associated gases by power plants, burning of untreated garbage; oil refineries, and factories in Sumgait. In Baku, emission of industrial pollutant unrelated to oil industry is relatively small with exception of releases of chlorofluorides from air conditioners; refrigeration industries; and cement production. Source: www.azstat.org Air Pollution: Trends in Air Quality. In general, the ambient air quality in Azerbaijan has improved in recent years as a consequence of the sharp decrease in air emissions from stationary sources. However, urban air pollution remains a matter of ongoing concern. Air quality data in Azerbaijan is collected by the Monitoring department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. According to official data, the air pollution emissions peaked in 1991 2,1 million tons; and is declining since that time (about 0,4 mln 0,2 mln tons) . In spite of lowered total emissions, air pollution is still perceived as critical. Annual air concentration level of soot in Baku is 3-5 times higher (depending on the source of information) that World Health Organization standards (60-90 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3). Current and projected economic growths will further cause unsustainable deterioration of urban air quality because of lack of monitoring and control equipment Air Pollution: Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the air pollution concern: Law on Environmental protections 1999; Law on Air Protection 2001; National programmes on adjustment of standards form GOST to WHO international standards; Law on Hydromethereological activity 1998 (hydrometehrological measurements and environmental monitoring). Ratification by Azerbaijan UN Framework Convention on climate change in 1995 and Kyoto Protocol to the Convention in 2000 and Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1996 Gaps to be further addressed: Lack of institutional capacity of Ministry of Ecology and National Resources and other state bodies on adjustment to international standards Lack trained of staff; budget limitations; poor monitoring; symbolic penalties for violators, poor technology Lack of National Strategy addressing air pollution with concrete measures assign 2.4. Ground Pollution Solid Industrial and Hazardous Wastes During the Soviet period mostly heavy and chemical industry, including gas and oil, ferrous, chemical, machinery, as well as food and light industries-produced high volumes of solid industrial and hazardous wastes. At present, oil production, chemical and mineral resources extraction and processing, power plants, and hospitals are the major generators of solid and hazardous wastes. Particularly acute is the problem of the management of waste accumulated over decades of environmentally unsustainable development, as well as of newly accumulated waste. Known hazardous waste disposal sites are overloaded and not adequately sealed. There are no financial or institutional mechanisms to properly arrange for new sites. Solid pollution directly affects human heath via groundwater pollution, food contamination through vegetables and other crops grown in urban and per-urban areas. Soil pollution. As it was mentioned above, Azerbaijan signed an agreement with approximately 30 oil companies from 15 countries requiring that oil exploration and drilling should be according to international environmental standards, that are not fulfilled in most cases and oil-containing products are found both on legal and illegal dump sites with no protection. Unfortunately during soviet time, most of the industrial activities have focused in Sumgait and Baku that ( view from top of the center of Baku to Bail) resulted that exactly that are become most polluted. Baku area- Apsheron Penninsula soil is known for having them most acute oil degradation with more that 10,000 hectares of land heavily contaminated. Copper, lead and zinc mines are the main sources of heavy-metal soil pollution. Steel plants produce dust containing 15-30% zinc, 3-5% lead, 0,1% cadmium.  [1]  In some areas of Baku average concentrations of zinc in soils are up to 50-60 times the acceptable levels. Radioactive waste. The issues of radioactive waste are related to oil drilling and processing operations. Radio nuclides of natural Radium and Thorium that are present in rocks and gases are brought to the surface when water is pumped into the pipes to maintain steady flow. Thats why the radioactive contamination is focused near the oil fields. But there are also other sources of radioactive wastes research and medical institution concentrated mainly in capital Baku. Though there is the special isolated facility IZOTOP located 37 km from Baku for radioactive waste, statistical data for groundwater in Baku give the following figures: Radium 226, Thorium 228.  [2]   Municipal waste. Obviously, population growths in Baku and urbanization have resulted in increased generation of municipal waste. Solid municipal waste contains up to 35% food waste; 20-40% paper; 3-5% wood; 4-5% textile fabrics; 4-5% glass breakage; 1-2% metals; and up to 10% polymeric materials, though the share of paper and polymeric materials has been increasing.  [3]  In most European countries waste separation and recycling in applied but in Azerbaijan no waste separation and recycling is used: about 2% of waste burnt; 1,5% processed, and the left are disposed at municipal waste landfills that are overloaded and do not meet minimum health and environmental requirements. Absence of environmentally controlled landfills leads to: Risk of soil and groundwater contamination with heavy metals, toxics; Risk of dissemination of products containing heavy metals and toxics; Places for stray dogs, insects, rats, spreading infections; Smoke from burning wastes polluting the air 2.4.2. Solid Waste: Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the solid waste issues: Law on Industrial and Municipal waste in 1998; Hazardous Waste Management Agency established in 2003; National strategy on Hazardous Waste Management Agency (with WB support); Training programmes for national staff on radioactive waste management and computerized registry of radioactive materials by International Atomic Energy Agency; upgrade of IZOTOP facility; Development of criteria for rehabilitation of contaminated cites and national programme on rehabilitation of some oil-contaminated lands; National plan developed to address creation of new waste landfills; sorting disposal, recycling of waste; introduction of methods to generate biogas from municipal waste. Gaps to be further addressed: Plans and strategies are in place but not effectively implemented because of beuroctratic procedures and lack of financing the sector. Water level and Coastline of the Caspian Sea Caspian Sea is unique closed water basin, plays the important role in the establishment of the climate in the region, and has rich stocks of rare kinds of fishes, energy-carriers and large potential for development of sea transport. Disturbing the ecological condition of Caspian sea, caused by its pollution by industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes, offshore and coastal production of oil and gas, shipping company and other circumstances, have caused degradation its biodiversity, exhaust of fish resources, have increased fluctuations of the sea level, that has resulted to have fires of inhabited files and industrial infrastructures. The ecological problems of Caspian Sea can be divided into 3 types: Chemical pollution by the running rivers; Ecological problems, connected to the rise of the level of water; offshore oil industry. The variation of the Caspian Sea water level is a serious specific problem for the country that brings to economic, ecological, and social challenges. During 1927-1977, the surface area of the sea decreased from 425,000 km2 to 370,000 km2, which led to increasing development of the coastal ( Sea side, walking area called Bakinskiy Bulvar) territories and the construction of coast-protecting dams, channels, and roads, based on forecasts of further decreases in sea level. A reversal began in 1978 and during 1978- 1995, Caspian sea level rose by 2.3 m to -26.5 m. The new rise has caused extreme erosion of coastal areas, destruction of construction and engineering facilities, and inundation of vast areas. Scientists predict a further increase in sea level of 1.5-2.5 m by 2010 however the Government is not taking action to mitigate the consequences of sea level variation. In this regard, the most severe environmental effects of the rise in the Caspian water level are associated with secondary pollution of the sea from oil fields and possibly some industrial plants, either through direct flooding or rise in groundwater levels. Health Effects of environmental conditions Numbers of studies show the link between haz Protecting the Environment: Save Water, Save Our Life Protecting the Environment: Save Water, Save Our Life The world is getting thirstier, today, nearly 1 billion people in the developing world do not have access to clean, safe drinking water. 97.5 percent of the earth’s water is saltwater and undrinkable, less than 1 percent of fresh water is usable, amounting to 0.01 percent of the earth’s total water. These astonishing statistics shock me that the clean water we drink every day is hard-won. Water is limited natural resources, also it is the most important thing to all living. If we do not conserve, recycle, and more efficiently use water, our environment would have serious ecological consequences, such as climate change. Water crisis had become the most pressing environment issue, terrible in some countries like Africa. It may not obviously affect American’s daily life, but it would be too late to think about the solutions if the same problem coming to us. Polluted water would undermine the ecological environment. For instance, recently, a Chinese mine spilt into the river, causing animals to die and affecting the  local villages’. â€Å"Polluted water from a Chinese mining site in a Tibetan-populated area in western Chinas Sichuan province has spilt into a nearby river, killing large numbers of fish and livestock owned by villagers, according to sources in the region† (States News Service). In this news, mining activities are a lack of government regulation. The similar thing happened to Tibetan villagers in 2011, local people were legal to protest against environmental destruction and complaints to Chinese authorities yielded no results then, either. Chinese-operated mines not just pollute the drinking water also had caused severe damage to local forests and grasslands. We should perceive problem severity of water pollution in our global village. Moreover, the mismanagement mining or industrials not only issue in ecological environment damage but also waste an enormous amount of money and time for clean up the unsafe water. We will see a doctor and take medicine when we get sick, generally most of the diseases are under our control in short time; water is not alike human body, you might cannot see it from unsafe become clean drinking in your lifetime because water treatment takes over 100 years to recover the polluted water. â€Å"Computer projections in the environmental impact statement say that either active or passive water treatment will be needed for 200 years for the mine site, and up to 500 years for the metallurgical site. The document says water treatment would cost between $3.5 and $6 million per year after the mine closes† (Star Tribune). The reporter establishes that water treatment for mine and the metallurgical site will cost a lot of years and money. What if no one wants to spend money for the long-term water treatment? The answer is simple: Finally, the victims will be animals, plants, and us. According to Maude Barlow’s article, millions of people live in countries that cannot provide clean water to their citizens, because they are burdened by their debt to the global North. More children die each year of water-borne disease than war, HIV/AIDS and traffic accidents combined. â€Å"At least 62 countries need deep debt relief if the daily deaths of thousands of children are to end† (Global Issue 217). Barlow indicates that people in poor countries have not adequate water and exploit their resources to pay their debt. Barlow argues that water is commons and public that everyone can access, no one owns it; but it does not mean that we can waste water and wanton destruction the ecosystem. In my opinion, water does free to everybody, but actuality we pay for water fee for our family every month. I think this is one of the best ways to tell people to save water. However, we should help the poor countries which cannot provide clean water to people because of financi al problem. Today, water is wasted through abuse, inefficiency, leakage, evaporation, and allocation of pure water to tasks that do not need it. The global water crisis getting worse by the day and threatening millions of more people every year, therefore, water protection strategies are needs urgently. In article â€Å"Water of Life†, Postel point out a question that why are the greater amounts of money and sophisticated engineering have not solved the world’s water problem? â€Å"We have been trying to meet insatiable demands by continuously expanding a finite water supply† (Global Issue 225). Postel emphasises that human demand too much water which is limited and unable expand resources. Postel provided some suggest for protect, recycle, and how efficiently use water can contain people’s water demands and avoid or delay an ecological reckoning. â€Å"tried-and-true measures as thrifty irrigation techniques, water-saving plumbing fixtures, native landscaping, and w astewater recycling can cost-effectively reduce the amount of water required to grow food, produce material goods and meet household needs† (Global Issue 225). The author suggestions are convincing because each example she lists are improvable base on the technology today. Another example of wasting water is every people doing every day, which is using pure water to flushing the toilet. I suggest people use dish water or the water after wash vegetables to flushing. This is kind of use up the water by the second time, better than use pure water. In my perspective, to dealing with the global water crisis, we must leave sufficient water in rivers and lakes for ensuring their ecological health. The priority project we should do that is put investment to develop the infrastructure which can turn rainwater and stormwater harvesting, recycling, alternative energy use. In addition, only the protective measures of water are not enough, so we should create a new law to regulate human behaviours in order to protect the environment. As Martin Luther King said, the law may not change the heart but it will restrain the heartless. It is difficult or takes long-term to change human daily habits, but a law with punishments can at least restrict or let human perceive what is right and wrong. Wherever we are, we need water to survive. Not just because sixty percent of the human body is water, also fundamental for the production of food, clothing, and cars etc. Pollute water threatens our body and the next generation health problem. None of us can live on a dry planet, we are responsible for keeping the environment healthy, and make sure every person have clean and safe drinking water. Source Citation CHINESE MINE SPILL KILLS ANIMALS, POLLUTES WATER IN TIBETAN AREA. States News Service 18 Oct. 2013. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. Johnson, June. Global Issues, Local Arguments: Readings for Writing. N.p.: Pearson Education, n.d. Print. Iron Range mine could pollute water for 500 years; StateAEs first copper-nickel mine would require billions of dollars in long-term cleanup, regulators say. Star Tribune [Minneapolis, MN] 5 Oct. 2013: 1A. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.

orwells political message to the world Essay -- essays research papers

Many authors bring in the theme of politics into their work in order to make their creations more appealing and as a form of expressing their personal views. George Orwell’s â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-four† is a novel that contains many political messages to the world. Orwell felt that part of his role as a writer is to serve as a voice of conscience to our society by trying to express the truth as he saw it. The novel was written in a crucial time period in modern history after the Second World War and at the beginning of the Cold War. One can see that the book was influenced by current events of its time mixed with Orwell’s standpoint. He focuses on three major political issues that effect society, which are the dangers of war, class differences and dictatorship. Orwell was trying to show how certain political systems could affect our society by working for only selected few’s interests and suppressing individual freedom. â€Å"1984† was written in a realistic way of the â€Å"worst case scenario† in order to warn people of what may happen if certain dangerous political ideologies gain or re-gain power. One of the most important political issues Orwell addresses in â€Å"1984† is the idea that war is bad. He does so by showing how the living conditions described in Oceania are a cause of the war. When it was reported that Oceania was winning, the citizens believed they would get benefits from it, which they did not. Orwell was pointing out the disadvantages of war that the poor life style was blamed on of the war effort. By emphasizing that he was showing that standard of living goes down during war for all people. The three powers Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania, are in a constant state of war with one another, yet all are self-contained and require no trade with one another, and therefore are not using war for economic needs. Because they have no economic reason, it can be suggested that Orwell was criticizing another popular reason to go into war (especially in WWII), nationality, and believed it should not be a justifiable reason for war. Goldstein’s book explained that the powers were in a constant state of war so the people will be too preoccupied with the war effort to worry about whether or not the present political system is working. The government distracts the people by constantly reminding them that when they win the war, Oceania will rule the world, and life will be ... ...s its own people (they are merely "cheap labour") One of the major issues in 'Nineteen Eighty-four' is the nature of freedom and the way that Totalitarianism has the capacity to destroy it. Winston's comment in his diary that "Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two makes four" encapsulates Orwell's belief that the individual must have the right to make up his own mind, regardless of official political party lines. The Party is a totalitarian government When the propaganda, deprivation, and rigid guidelines fail to convert someone to Party doctrine (INGSOC), the government uses torture to brainwash citizens. The fact that the Party must turn Winston into a walking zombie to finally crush his inner-revolt, reveals the Party’s ultimate frailty. Since the principles of INGSOC fail to inspire thinking people like Winston, the Party has no choice but to use extreme force and coercion to stay in power. Orwell calls upon his readers to recognize the evil and frailty of the Party and fight to prevent the spread of totalitarianism. While Orwell does not advocate for a specific alternative system, undercurrents of Socialism, Democracy, and Capitalism pervade.

Marketing Plan Hybrid Car Essay

HONDA MOTORS hereby launches the all new family Honda EC CRV, the new eco friendly car that makes others â€Å"go green† with envy for Oxygen is priceless. Save the earth, plant a tree because their is no Planet B†¦ all you got to do is drive a Honda EC CRV. Introduction For the purpose of this assignment, I will choose hybrid automobiles that run on gasoline as well as alternative fuel i. e. Electricity. The rising fuel prices and increasing air pollution along with depleting resources of fossil fuels is forcing more and more automobile companies to manufacture hybrid vehicles. Moreover, people are increasingly buying these environment friendly and cost effective hybrid vehicles in many countries around the world. According to (Hybridcar. com, p. 1), Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy. â€Å"The engine provides most of the vehicle’s power, and the electric motor provides additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing; this allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used†. The current hybrids on the market do not have to be â€Å"plugged in† to an electrical outlet to recharge. The Hybrid Car Market The market for the hybrid car is slowly growing that primarily led by the U. S. and Japanese Markets. In the past five years, sales for the hybrid in the U. S. increase from 9,500 in 2000 to 100,000 in 2004. By the end of 2005, the number of hybrid cars in the U. S. increased to 212,000, accounting for 1. 3 percent of the total U. S. light-vehicle market. J. D. Power estimate the hybrid car market will account for 3. 5% of the U. S. market by the year 2010, whereas, other researchers such as ABI Research & Automotive Technology Research Group give a more optimistic projection for the market. These researchers estimated the hybrid market penetration between 5-6% of the overall U. S. light-vehicle market. According to a forecast by J. D. Power-LMC Automotive Forecasting Services, by the year 2012 hybrids that accounted for 0. 5 percent of the U. S. market in 2005 are expected to gain 3. 5 percent of the U. S. market. The JD Power reports say that the price premium associated with alternative power train vehicles continues to be a barring factor that will restrict the potential for both hybrid vehicles. The report notes that manufacturers will have to reduce this premium to attract buyers who are not currently motivated to purchase these vehicles as a means to improve the environment, or as a means to save money by consuming less fuel. Existing Product Research The Prius, Insight, and Civic were the first set of hybrids. These vehicles utilized the core strategy of a smaller engine which provides â€Å"on demand† power from the electric motor and batteries. A smaller engine is one of key attributes of hybrids to gaining better fuel economy. The newer hybrids—the Accord, Lexus SUV, and Highlander—maintain the size of the gas engine, and add power by way of the electric components which does little to boost fuel efficiency. According to (Larson, 2005), while the hybrid’s claim to fame is reduced fuel consumption, there are various factors that will reduce the performance levels of these vehicles. Such factors include acceleration, idle time, air conditioning, temperature, and driving speed. Competitive Scenario It has been noted that Honda and Toyota are the pioneers in the hybrid car market now. According to JD Power, However, â€Å"they are becoming more commonplace due to licensing of their technologies by other Japanese and American companies, and the new trend towards hybrid SUVs. † The Toyota Prius, considered a midsize sedan, is the number-one selling hybrid vehicle. Toyota has sold more Priuses than all other hybrids combined—and for good reason. Since the second model of the Prius was introduced in 2003 (as a 2004 model), this midsize sedan has received numerous awards. Today, it continues to be a top seller. The success and tremendous rise in Toyota hybrid sales can be partly attributed to the company’s marketing campaigns. Most hybrids recognized increasing gains each year, with the exceptions of the Accord Hybrid and the Lexus RX400h. Sales of both models have decreased during the past year, proof perhaps that today’s hybrid buyers demand a noticeable improvement in fuel economy when buying a hybrid model (Hybridcar. com). Typical profile of hybrid car buyers â€Å"Hybrid car drivers have a level of education higher than any group of car drivers that I’ve ever seen,† says Walter McManus, director of the Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation at the University of Michigan. McManus further describes these drivers: They have higher income, than the average car buyer at approximately $100,000 a year versus $85,000 a year for the average buyer. They are more likely to be female. Hybrid drivers are a few years older than the average car buyer—closer to fifty rather than the average age of forty. California strongly outpaces all other states for new hybrid vehicle registrations. Beyond these demographics, McManus describes the profile of hybrid car drivers in terms of their behavior and attitudes: They drive on average fewer miles than the average car buyer Hybrid car drivers plan to keep their car longer than the average person They are willing to pay more for an environmentally friendly product. They personally want to do something to help reduce vehicle pollution. They expect fuel prices to grow a lot faster than other people do. McManus adds, â€Å"It doesn’t mean that they’re right. It does not mean that the other people are right. But they’re much more pessimistic about the future of fuel prices than the average person. † Price According to research, Hybrid cars and SUV’s prices range from an estimated $19,000 to nearly $55,000 for the basic models. The lowest price range for this type of car is the manual transmission 2006 Insight at an MSRP of $19,330, whereas the Lexus hybrid sport sedan, the GS 450h is the highest at $54,900. The following table summarizes average prices of the hybrid cars: Hybrid City mpg Hwy mpg MSRP(in USD) Honda Insight -Manual 60 66 $19,530 Honda Insight -CVT 57 56 $21,530 Toyota Prius 60 51 $21,725 Honda Civic Hybrid 49 51 $21,850 Honda Accord Hybrid 29 37 $30,140 Toyota Camry Hybrid 40 38 $25,900 Ford Escape Hybrid 2WD 36 31 $27,515 Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD 33 29 $29,140 Mercury Mariner Hybrid 33 29 $29,225 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2WD 33 28 $33,030 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4WD 31 27 $34,430 Lexus RX 400h 31 27 $49,060.

Genetic Engineered Foodss essays

Genetic Engineered Foodss essays Genetic Engineered Foods are too controversial and unstable to be consumed by the general public. Great deals of scientists have very opposite opinions about Genetic Engineered Foods (GE). Genetically altering foods is the process of modifying crops by using new bio-technological methods. There are two specific types of gene altering techniques. GE foods have many negative effects on the human race. The environment is also being negatively effected by GE foods. American restaurants and groceries are carrying GE foods with most of the customers not knowing. Most Americans are not aware of the Genetic Engineered Foods health risks. L tryptophan was a substance that was genetically altered and resulted in paralization and death. Hunger has nothing to do with Genetic Engineered Foods like most people believe. Stopping and beginning to research GE foods will help and affect everyone in a positive way. Great deals of scientists have very opposite opinions about GE foods. Weve had years and years of scientific discussion about this, and the conclusion is very clear. If it continues along this path, some of these foods are eventually going to hurt somebody, says Philip J. Regal, a biologist at the University of Minnesota. This is right because it has occurred over the years using gene-altering techniques. There have been many examples of people getting effected physically by GE foods. Dr. Rebecca Goldburg, a biologist with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) says, People need to know that some of these foods could turn out to be unhealthy to eat or harmful to the environment. Both living things and their environment are in a risk of being harmed. Genetically altering foods is the process of modifying crops by using new bio technological methods. Approximately 50% of all the soy and 38% of the corn acreage planted in the United States this year is genetically altered....