Phenomenological and positivist approaches Essay Example for Free

Phenomenological and positivist methodologies Essay The exploration tries to concentrate top to bottom the Kuwaiti family by deciding the effect of working guardians on the socialization of their kids dependent on the impression of the guardians. In doing as such, the examination tries to distinguish and portray the contemporary characterizing highlights of the Kuwaiti family, as commitment to the more extensive research on the family, being made in various nations. The investigation likewise investigates the youngster raising acts of Kuwaiti families with the two guardians working and with one parent accepting the job of a full-time carer. The examination draws the impression of guardians on the socialization procedure of their kids with regards to the family structure, with the two guardians working or with one parent filling in as full-time carer, just as on the impact of employing remote caretakers on the socialization of their youngsters. To accomplish the reason for the investigation, the examination procedure uses approaches and strategies chose to help the assortment and examination of fitting adequate and exact information. Research Design The examination utilizes the phenomenological approach, which applies to insightful endeavors to comprehend the points of view or perspectives on chose members with respect to social real factors (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe 1991; Morris 2006). Understanding the phenomenological approach better requires an examination with the positivist methodology, which lies at the opposite finish of the range inverse of the phenomenological approach. The examination isn't planned to subvert one methodology over the other however to clarifying the phenomenological approach and defending the suitability of utilizing this way to deal with the current investigation. The table beneath sums up the qualifications between the phenomenological and positivist methodologies. Source: (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe 1991; Morris 2006) The differentiations show that the phenomenological approach is applies to examinations that consider human or social enthusiasm for giving inside and out clarification and inferring significance of marvel as recognized from the positivist methodology of concentrating on realities, speculations or standards, and theory testing. Phenomenology is the proper methodology of the current examination in light of the fact that the motivation behind the examination is to attract profundity comprehension of the contemporary Kuwaiti family regarding the connection between the working status of the two guardians and the socialization of their youngsters. The investigation is emotional in light of the fact that it is keen on the impression of guardians over their working status and the impacts on the socialization of their kids. The examination procedure is grounded on social intrigue and subjectivity. The current examination utilizes subjective research, which includes the inference of records or portrayals from the members or respondents to give a top to bottom comprehension of the marvel subject of the investigation (Creswell 2003). Once more, to comprehend subjective research and to legitimize its suitable application to the current investigation, the table beneath sums up the qualifications among subjective and quantitative research.

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable Essay

Can subjective research be legitimate and solid - Essay Example This is on the grounds that without the assistance of this rule we can't decide if when standard systems are utilized to investigate information, will result to surmisings that are one-sided. This proposes it just by comprehends the exercises in information age process that will empower one produce a legitimate logical derivation. Kirk and Miller (1985:25) express that most techniques utilized in subjective research come in bundle with a scope of unwavering quality checks however none with legitimacy. Along these lines, sociology depends totally on strategies that are utilized to guarantee dependability thinking about that perfect legitimacy isn't reachable in principle. This thought depends on the way that all estimation is somewhat are suspect since all estimating instruments can't be splendidly controlled. This brings a contention that the apparatus used to quantify in an examination is firmly identified with the subject under perception and to that; it is clearly giving pertinent information. As per Silverman (2006:43), it isn't to be expected that the best way to learn the legitimacy of subjective research is using strategies utilized in quantitative research. Different endeavors have been made to set up subjective examinations legitimacy. The choice of which perception is to be chosen in subjective research, is basic for the finish of the investigation and to the degree its product’s assurance and its unwavering quality. Numerous open doors are available that grant inclination to interfere with our determination strategies. This is on the grounds that frequently choice conditions in subjective research are certain and made with no reluctant test to evaluate potential inclinations. Numerous wellsprings of predispositions are welcomed when arbitrariness is surrendered during choice (King, Keohane and Verba, 2001:128). As indicated by Silverman (2006:279-89), dependability with regards to subjective research has been identified with the age of a quant ifiable idea. This suggests reliably recording of perceptions is a dependable technique. So also, specialists accept that unwavering quality is the constancy of the level of consistency. Having called attention to that, analysts utilize an assortment of strategies when gathering information, for example, meetings, cooperation and reports among others to gather their perceptions thus making a reliable record of perceptions (Rubin and Babbie, 2010). Despite the fact that suppositions differ with respect to the level of dependability that can be tended to in subjective research, there is a sound understanding by Silverman that should be thought of. When estimating an idea by build legitimacy, the proportion of an idea is identified with another concept’s measure whereby the two ideas are supposed to be connected, representation of develop legitimacy is done thusly. This includes a specialist to indicate that the two ideas are connected (Ragin, Nagel and White, 2004). This infers when the measures are connected, each measure has build legitimacy of the other however in the event that they are not related, at that point there is no develop legitimacy. Measures need face legitimacy if valid justifications develop to scrutinize the connection of the measure to the idea under investigation. This proportion of legitimacy is

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6 Wizard World, Issue #2

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6 Wizard World, Issue #2 Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6:  Wizard World, Issue #2 Know Money, Win Money! Episode 6:  Wizard World, Issue #2Surprise! We have another episode of Know Money, Win Money from Wizard World Chicago!  Since so many people were in costumes, we decided to make it our special Halloween Edition!First, we asked who, according to Forbes, is the wealthiest fictional character. Although we aren’t exactly certain what their methodology was (maybe they asked some fictional accountants), we trust that it was a very rigorous process. Is it Bruce Wayne, with his many gadgets and the original (bat)man cave? Or maybe Tony Stark, with his many gadgets and the original (iron)man tower?In fact, it’s neither of them! It’s Scrooge McDuck. To be fair, we’ve never once seen Stark or Wayne swimming through a pool of gold coins. And Scrooge is certainly less keen on spending his wealth than nearly any other fictional character,  except maybe Scrooge McHuman from A Christmas Carol.Next, we played another round of everyone’s favorite game that needs a mo re succinct title: “Can You Guess How Much This Person’s Costume Cost?” We found a guy dressed up as Will Smith’s Deadshot from Suicide Squad. You’ll need to watch the video to find out what his costume actually cost, but it looked amazing and he probably spent less than one percent of what Warner Brothers did.Finally, we asked what currency the Klingons from Star Trek use. As any intergalactic warrior could tell you, it’s Darseks. We considered giving out Darseks for getting the question right, but apparently, people preferred Earth money.Hopefully, we helped you get some costume ideas right in time for Halloween, and we’ll be back with a new Know Money, Win Money before you know it!Be sure to also check out our  most recent episodes:Episode Three: Finance and EducationEpisode Four: Wizard World ChicagoEpisode Five: Go Cubs Go!Where would you like to see us go in future episodes of Know Money, Win Money? We want to hear from you! You can  email us  or find us on Twitt er at  @OppLoans.

Diffusion in Sociology Definition, Theory, Examples

Diffusion, also known as cultural diffusion, is a social process through which elements of culture spread from one society or social group to another, which means it is, in essence, a process of social change. It is also the process through which innovations are introduced into an organization or social group, sometimes called the diffusion of innovations. Things that are spread through diffusion include ideas, values, concepts, knowledge, practices, behaviors, materials, and symbols. Sociologists and anthropologists believe that cultural diffusion is the primary way through which modern societies developed the cultures that they have today. Further, they note that the process of diffusion is distinct from having elements of a foreign culture forced into a society, as was done through colonization. Social Sciences Theories The study of cultural diffusion was pioneered by anthropologists who sought to understand how it was that the same or similar cultural elements could be present in numerous societies around the world long before the advent of communication tools. Edward Tylor, a British anthropologist who wrote during the mid-nineteenth century, posed the theory of cultural diffusion as an alternative to using the theory of cultural evolution to explain cultural similarities. Following Tylor, the German-American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a theory of cultural diffusion for explaining how the process works among areas that are close to each other, geographically speaking. These scholars observed that cultural diffusion happens when societies that have different ways of life come into contact with each other  and that as they interact more and more, the rate of cultural diffusion between them increases. In the early 20th century, American sociologists Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and Canadian sociologist Roderick Duncan McKenzie were members of the Chicago School of sociology, scholars in the 1920s and 1930s who studied urban cultures in Chicago and applied what they learned elsewhere. In their now-classic work The City, published in 1925, they studied cultural diffusion from the standpoint of social psychology, which meant they focused on the motivations and social mechanisms that allow diffusion to occur. Principles There are many different theories of cultural diffusion that have been offered by anthropologists and sociologists, but the elements common to them that can be considered general principles of cultural diffusion are as follows. The society or social group that borrows elements from another will alter or adapt those elements to fit within their own culture.Typically, it is only elements of a foreign culture that fit into the already-existing belief system of the host culture that will be borrowed.Those cultural elements that do not fit within the host cultures existing belief system will be rejected by members of the social group.Cultural elements will only be accepted within the host culture if they are useful within it.Social groups that borrow cultural elements are more likely to borrow again in the future. The  Diffusion of Innovations Some sociologists have paid particular attention to how the diffusion of innovations within a social system or social organization occurs, as opposed to cultural diffusion across different groups. In 1962, sociologist and communication theorist Everett Rogers wrote a book titled  Diffusion of Innovations, which laid the theoretical groundwork for the study of this process. According to Rogers, there are four key variables that influence the process of how an innovative idea, concept, practice, or technology is diffused through a social system. The innovation itselfThe channels through which  it is communicatedHow long the group in question is exposed to the innovationThe characteristics of the social group These will work together to determine the speed and scale of diffusion, as well as whether or not the innovation is successfully adopted. Steps in the Process The process of diffusion, according to Rogers, happens in five steps: Knowledge: awareness of the innovationPersuasion: interest in the innovation rises and a person begins to research it furtherDecision: a person or group evaluates the pros and cons of the innovation (the key point in the process)Implementation: leaders introduce the innovation to the social system and evaluate its usefulnessConfirmation: those in charge decide to continue using it Rogers noted that, throughout the process, the social influence of certain individuals can play a significant role in determining the outcome. In part because of this, the study of the diffusion of innovations is of interest to people in the field of marketing. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Theodore Roosevelt, President Of New York - 1745 Words

Born in New York City on October 27, 1858, Theodore Roosevelt was governor of New York before becoming U.S. vice president. At age 42, Teddy Roosevelt became the youngest man to assume the U.S. presidency after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won a second term in 1904. Known for his anti-monopoly policies and ecological conservationism, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his part in ending the Russo-Japanese War. He died in New York on January 6, 1919. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City, to Theodore Roosevelt Sr., of Dutch heritage, and Martha Mittie Bulloch, a Southern belle rumored to have been a prototype for the Gone with the Wind character Scarlett O Hara. His family owned a successful plate-glass import business. As a young boy, Theodore Roosevelt as he was known to his family members â€Å"Teddy†, spent a lot of time inside his family s handsome brownstone, home schooled due to his illnesses and asthma. This gave him the opportunity to nurse his passion for animal life, but by his teens, with the encouragement of his father, whom he revered, Theodore developed a rigorous physical routine that included weightlifting and boxing. When his father died during his second year at Harvard College, Roosevelt channeled his grief into working even harder: After graduating magna cum laude in 1880, he enrolled at Columbia Law School and got married to Alice Hathaway Lee of Massachusetts. Roosevelt didn t stay longShow MoreRelatedTeddy Roosevelt And The Development Of The National Parks1353 Words   |  6 Pages Teddy Roosevelt and the development of the National Parks 11/30/2014 Nicholas Wittkopp He was the youngest candidate to become president. He was the leader of the progressive movement. He was our twenty sixth president, he served from 09/14/1901 to 03/4/1909. He was a writer of thirty five books. He was New York s thirty third governor. He was a naturalist. He was a war hero in the Spanish-American War. He was a member of rough riders. He trust busted forty corporations. He madeRead MorePresident Roosevelt: Steward of the People Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesTheodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States and made a huge impact on the world. Not only was he the youngest President at age 42, but he was also a greatly respected war hero (Theodore Roosevelt). He was also the first US President to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Theodore Roosevelt - Biography). As President, Roosevelt looked at the role of President as a â€Å"steward of the people† (Theodore Roosevelt). Theodore Roosevelt was not only known to be the first modern President butRead M oreEssay Theodore Roosevelt: One of Our Greatest President1718 Words   |  7 PagesTheodore Roosevelt was one of our greatest presidents. He created the FDA and improved the position of the presidency greatly. 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In his short four years as president, Theodore Roosevelt was able to pass many acts such as: Dolliver-Hepburn Railroad Act, Extension of Forest Reserve, National Irrigation Act, Improvement of waterways and reservation of waterpowerRead MorePresident Of Government And Political Affairs1130 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment of Government and Political Affairs May 3rd, 2017 What does president do that makes the public feel as if they are strong, or powerful, and what determines a president to be labeled as limited? That’s really up to one s views on politics, their morals, and opinions. In this paper I will go over three of what I consider to be the best, and strongest Presidents history has ever had. The presidents will be judged on how they handled themselves in office, as well as any importantRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : President Roosevelt1564 Words   |  7 Pages President Theodore Roosevelt By Ryan Baglietto  Table of Contents: 1. Presidential Facts 2. Theodore Roosevelt’s Childhood 3. Education 4. Personal Life 5. Accomplishments 6. What do I think of President Roosevelt: 7. Presidential Picture 8. Bibliography  1. Presidential Facts: My president’s name is Theodore Roosevelt. His nickname is Teddy. Did you know the Teddy Bear was named after him? President Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901 until March 4, 1909Read MoreTheodore Roosevelt . Introduction To The Life Of Theodore1574 Words   |  7 PagesTHEODORE ROOSEVELT Introduction to the Life of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was born October 27, 1858 in New York City to Theodore Roosevelt Sr. and Martha Bulloch. Theodore was also known as Teedie or Teddy. Due to his continuing battle with health issues, which started at birth, Roosevelt was homeschooled along with his siblings. The family house also had a gymnasium where he lifted weights and boxed to help him gain strength. 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Health Promotion Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels Free Essays

Health promotion is composed of three levels. Primary is the initial level of health promotion and prevention of diseases. The next level is secondary which involves early detection of a disease and prompt intervention to prevent the progression of the disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tertiary, the final level, is when a disease is permanent and the goal is to return the individual to the best possible level of functioning (Edelman Mandle, 2010). According to American Diabetes Association website, the 2011 diabetes statistics in America is 25. 8 million of the population has diabetes. This paper focuses on the health promotion in primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of patients diagnosed with diabetes. Health promotion can affect many factors of a patient’s life from progression of a disease to loss of school or work days therefore loss of education and income to increase in healthcare. O’Donnell (2009) defines health promotion as: â€Å"the art and science of helping people discover the synergies between their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health, and supporting them in changing their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. Optimal health is a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health. Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of learning experiences that enhance awareness, increase motivation, and build skills and, most important, through the creation of opportunities that open access to environments that make positive health practices the easiest choice. † Patient’s active participation is a main part of health promotion. Patients have to take an active role because education provided to patients is to empower them to make better decisions in their healthcare. Primary interventions include making changes to the individual’s diets, activity levels, motivation, and knowledge. These interventions were utilized in a study to decrease the development of diabetes. The participants were selected by having diabetic risk factors including hypertension, obesity, increased blood sugar, hypercholesterolemia, or family history of diabetes (Penfold, 2013). Diet and nutrition advice was given to individuals. They were educated and demonstration provided on how to make healthy changes in their meals that was within a limited budget. Exercise sessions were also used as a preventative measure in which the individuals were encouraged to participate in cardio activities. The program encouraged the individuals to continue with the exercising by offering free classes. The participants of the study had a positive outlook as they progressed with the new healthy changes. Follow up will be a main factor in this fairly new study to determine if primary intervention was successful. Once an individual is diagnosed with an illness, intervening without hesitation is the key to the secondary level of health promotion. The cause of gestational diabetes is not completely known. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy in women who did not previously have diabetes, but certain risk factors such as obesity can increase a women’s chance of developing it (Webb, 2013). Secondary preventions include prevention of further complication and treatment of a disease to decrease complications (Edelman Mandle, 2010). The women should be educated on how to take blood glucose, targeted blood sugar levels and to contact providers with abnormal readings. Treatment of the gestational diabetes is also aimed at patients modifying their lifestyles with diet and exercise. If blood sugars remain uncontrolled Webb reports according to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008) recommends metformin for treatment of gestational diabetes in spite of successful evidence. Patients that are not compliant are at risk of progression of diabetes. Primary and secondary prevention continue into tertiary level of health promotion. â€Å"Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation to help people attain and retain optimal level of functioning regardless of their disabling condition (Edelman Mandle, 2010). A patient can suffer from many complications of diabetes such as eye complications, foot complications, hypertension, kidney disease, neuropathy and depression. Patients are encouraged to have a satisfying lifestyles and function with their diseases. In an article about health and lifestyles of diabetic adolescents â€Å"Diabetic adolescents had healthier eating habits and more positive attitude towards their satisfaction with life, but their health perception is less positive than that of other adolescents (Serrabulho, Matos Raposo, 2012). In the study diabetic adolescents had similarities of inactive activities and social support to adolescents without diabetes. The care of diabetic patient from a health promotion point view involves diet, exercise, medication, and knowledge. Involvement of experts in the fields and communities can assist the patient in awareness of diseases. When nurses and patients are educated on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention care, they develop a mutual respect and responsibility in assisting patients to have successful healthy lifestyles. How to cite Health Promotion: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels, Papers

Why this is hell nor are we out of it Essay Example For Students

Why this is hell nor are we out of it? Essay Why this is hell nor are we out of it? How does Grahame Greene depict human existence as hell in Brighton Rock, is there any hope? Grahame Greene seems like a writer who has a very solemn view of human existence. In this book he is always referring back to the world as hell and the religion revolving around this subject. Each character Grahame Greene creates seems to have some aspect of evil within them giving an impression of the existence of these people as one stuck in hell. Easily the character that reflects existence as hell in the book is Pinkie. We will write a custom essay on Why this is hell nor are we out of it? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Apart from a few glimmers of hope Pinkie really could be thought as the definition of evil. Never thinking about anyone but himself with a hatred of everyone and everything normal. Pinkie lives in a shroud that cant be penetrated and never wants anyone to feel close to him which could be one of the reasons he hates Rose so much. Always referred to as the boy he really is a person with a stolen childhood brought up to fear God. His religion is really looked in to in the book by Grahame Greene really searching the depths of Catholicism and the very existence of heaven and hell. Good examples of this fear of God are seen within the living environment of Pinkie. His home is very run down living in a very small filthy place run by a blind man with no control of it. There are never any real references to food apart from empty cans of sardines and half-finished fish in the book, which could represent the power of Christianity in the life of Pinkie but significantly its failure. The fact that they are finished could represent the emptiness of Pinkies beliefs and his life as well which has no real meaning apart from the avoidance of hanging. Spicer represents the more experienced damned presence in the book. He is the oldest of the gang and towards the end realises what he has devoted his life to especially after the death of Hale. To begin with he may seem as the words of reason within the gang, almost like a father figure. In the end, however he may seem like someone who wants to leave hell and his existence in Brighton he is too deep in sin in the end to escape. The man that ends his life is Pinkie just as Spicer is about to leave. Wanting to leave could shot goodness in his heart but in the end it would seem that no one who has indulged in sin in hell is permitted to leave just like Prewitt and Hale. Spicer always seem worried about what is going to happen to him in the future about the wrath of Pinkie. Spicer perhaps could show the end all the game members will take without repentance and forgiveness from God, which Pinkie is always thinking about. The rest of the gang slowly do things wrong in the attempt to confess and are all dismissed or killed by Pinkie. This shows Pinkies mistrust and how he has no loyalty. The gang really have no representation in the book and its references to hell although they are always reasoning with Pinkie until he has gone too far. In the entire novel the weather is always dark and damp with no real references ever to much sunshine or daytime. Although the characters are seen as outside, the only time the weather is mentioned is while they are out at night or when something perhaps bad has happened. This confirms Greenes attempt to depict Brighton as hell. In the whole novel the main characters either never leave Brighton or are stopped in the attempt to get away. Grahame Greene then shows a lot of people just coming and going in Brighton which could show this as hell for the main characters whose dealing are coated in sin. .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .postImageUrl , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:hover , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:visited , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:active { border:0!important; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:active , .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6 .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucde7434e00d3b12a9a29b57aad962fd6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How far do you agree? EssayThe fact that some people are able to leave shows some hope that some of the main characters may be able to get out. Rose is an extremely innocent character drawn into a very harsh world of danger and sin. She is extremely nai ve and only until the end doesnt realise Pinkies extreme hatred towards her although several hints. When first introduced she could be thought as someone who could influence Pinkie towards confession and leading a normal life but she isnt strong enough to do this and gets led into Pinkies path of sin, perhaps she is still too young. She refuses to accept anything told to her of Pinkies ill doings and even accepts him mauling her with his nails, confused by her as affection. Led into this world there is no turning back for her. She still loves Pinkie after his death and regrets not committing suicide for him. This shows Brighton as hell, once youve dabbled in the sin of the city there is no going back and you are damned for eternity by a poisoned mind. Ida Arnold is perhaps the one character who could represent any hope in the novel. The novel is extremely hopeless apart from her false ideas of being a person of great moral judgement. She is an extremely drunk woman always up for any sort of fun with any sort of man. She isnt a prostitute although she is the nearest thing to one. She is the complete opposite of Rose with no belief of God and an extremely strong will. She shows compassion still to someone like Rose who is too nai ve to accept that someone may be right about Pinkie. By never giving up and at least doing what is right for Brighton even though perhaps she doesnt realise it completely in the end. The book has very little hope, which really reflects the character of Grahame Greene. Every small gleem of hope is cut off like the stairs, which are broken. Aswell as the stairs the pier is just a bridge halved and no-one can ever leave it, one of the only hopes is the people come and going it gives you a visual (although small) of people managing to escape hell itself. If only the some of the characters couldve managed to leave the book wouldnt be thought as so cynical.